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Smoking patterns and stimulus control in intermittent and daily smokers

Shiffman, S and Dunbar, MS and Li, X and Scholl, SM and Tindle, HA and Anderson, SJ and Ferguson, SG (2014) Smoking patterns and stimulus control in intermittent and daily smokers. PLoS ONE, 9 (3).

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Abstract

Intermittent smokers (ITS) - who smoke less than daily - comprise an increasing proportion of adult smokers. Their smoking patterns challenge theoretical models of smoking motivation, which emphasize regular and frequent smoking to maintain nicotine levels and avoid withdrawal, but yet have gone largely unexamined. We characterized smoking patterns among 212 ITS (smoking 4-27 days per month) compared to 194 daily smokers (DS; smoking 5-30 cigarettes daily) who monitored situational antecedents of smoking using ecological momentary assessment. Subjects recorded each cigarette on an electronic diary, and situational variables were assessed in a random subset (n = 21,539 smoking episodes); parallel assessments were obtained by beeping subjects at random when they were not smoking (n = 26,930 non-smoking occasions). Compared to DS, ITS' smoking was more strongly associated with being away from home, being in a bar, drinking alcohol, socializing, being with friends and acquaintances, and when others were smoking. Mood had only modest effects in either group. DS' and ITS' smoking were substantially and equally suppressed by smoking restrictions, although ITS more often cited self-imposed restrictions. ITS' smoking was consistently more associated with environmental cues and contexts, especially those associated with positive or "indulgent" smoking situations. Stimulus control may be an important influence in maintaining smoking and making quitting difficult among ITS. © 2014 Shiffman et al.


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Details

Item Type: Article
Status: Published
Creators/Authors:
CreatorsEmailPitt UsernameORCID
Shiffman, Sshiffman@pitt.eduSHIFFMAN
Dunbar, MSMSDUNBAR@pitt.eduMSDUNBAR
Li, X
Scholl, SMsms43@pitt.eduSMS43
Tindle, HA
Anderson, SJsja@pitt.eduSJA
Ferguson, SG
Contributors:
ContributionContributors NameEmailPitt UsernameORCID
EditorZhang, Xiang YangUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Date: 5 March 2014
Date Type: Publication
Journal or Publication Title: PLoS ONE
Volume: 9
Number: 3
DOI or Unique Handle: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089911
Schools and Programs: Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences > Psychology
School of Public Health > Biostatistics
School of Medicine > Medicine
Refereed: Yes
Date Deposited: 23 Jun 2014 21:39
Last Modified: 28 Jun 2023 11:55
URI: http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/id/eprint/21936

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